Table des matières

Abbreviations Acknowledgements Introduction

PART I The Historical and Literary Background 1. The Historical Background Late Antiquity to Early Islam : Continuity or Change ? Identity and Allegiance Apocalypticism 2. The Nature of the Sources Redactional Identity and Unavowed Authorship Orality Dialectic and Debate

PART IIA Incidental References to Islam 3. Greek Sources Prelude A Christian Apologist of 634 John Moschus (d. 619 or 634) Sophronius, Patriarch of Jerusalem (d. ca. 639) Pope Martin I (649-55) Maximus the Confessor (d. 662) Anti-Jewish Polemicists of the Seventh Century The Miracles of S. Demetrius and S. George Anastasius of Sinai (d. ca. 700) Patriarch Germanus (715-30) and Iconoclasm Cosmas of Jerusalem (wr. mid-eight c.) and Hymnography Stephen the Sabaite (d. 794) Dubia John the Eremopolite A Greek-Coptic Papyrus Berlin Papyrus no. 10677 Timothy the Stylite 4. West Syrian, Coptic and Armenian Sources Fragment on the Arab Conquests Thomas the Presbyter (wr. ca. 640) Homily on the Child Saints of Babylon Gabriel of Qartmin (d. 648) Sebeos, Bishop of the Bagratunis (wr. 660s) Benjamin I, Patriarch of Alexandria (626-65) A Maronite Chronicler George of Resh`aina (d. ca. 680) Daniel, Bishop of Edessa (665-84) Athanasius of Balad, Patriarch of Antioch (683-87) Isaac of Rakoti, Patriarch of Alexandria (689-92) John, Bishop of Nikiu Theodotus of Amida (d. 698) Jacob of Edessa (d. 708) Zacharias, Bishop of Sakha (d. 720s) Simeon of the Olives (d. 734) Dubia A Coptic Papyrus Theophilus of Alexandria (ps. ?) A Letter of Bishop Jonah 5. East Syrian Sources Isho’yahb III of Adiabene (d. 659) A Chronicler of Khuzistan (wr. ca. 660s) Rabban Hormizd (d. ca. 670) George I (661-81) and the Synod of 676 John bar Penkaye (wr. 687) Hnanisho` the Exegete (d. 700) John of Daylam (d. 738) Isho’bokht, Metropolitan of Fars The Abbots of the Convent of Sabrisho’ Isho’dnah of Basra (wr. ca. 850) Thomas of Marga (wr. 860s) 6. Latin Sources Fredegar, a Frankish Chronicler (wr. 650s) Arculf (fl. 670s) and Early Islamic Jerusalem Willibald (fl. 720s) and Other Pilgrims Later Testimonia Dubia Historia miscella Morienus the Greek 7. Jewish, Persian and Chinese Sources Jewish Sources Persian Sources Chinese Sources T’ung tien The Official T’ang History Ts’e-fu yuan-kuei

PART IIB Deliberate References to Islam 8. Apocalypses and Visions Syriac Texts Ps.-Ephraem Ps.-Methodius The Edessene Ps.-Methodius and John the Little Bahira Ps.-Ezra Copto-Arabic Texts Ps.-Shenute Ps.-Athanasius Samuel of Qalamun and Pisentius of Qift Coptic Daniel, XIV Vision The Apocalypse of Peter/Book of the Rolls Greek Texts Ps.-Methodius, Greek Translation Greek Daniel, First Vision The Vision of Enoch the Just Stephen of Alexandria The Andreas Salos Apocalypse Hebrew Texts The Secrets of Rabbi Simon ben Yohai Pesiqta rabbati The Chapters of Rabbi Eliezer Jewish Apocalypse on the Umayyads Signs of the Messiah On That Day A Judaeo-Byzantine Daniel Persian Texts Bahman yasht Jamasp namag Bundahishn Denkard A Pahlavi Ballad on the End of Times The Prophecy of Rostam A Judaeo-Persian Daniel Muslim Arabic Texts Signs of the Hour `Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr and the Mahdi Tiberius, Son of Justinian An Apocalyptic Chronicle 9. Martyrologies Greek Texts Sixty Martyrs of Gaza (d. 638) George the Black (d. 650s) A Christian Arab of Sinai (d. ca. 660) Peter of Capitolias (d. 715) Sixty Pilgrims in Jerusalem (d. 724) Elias of Damascus (d. 779) Romanus the Neomartyr (d. 780) Copto-Arabic Texts Menas the Monk Thomas, Bishop of Damascus Armenian Texts David of Dwin (d. ca. 703) Vahan (d. 737) Syriac Texts Dubia Michael the Sabaite `Abd al-Masih al-Najrani al-Ghassani A Muslim at Diospolis 10. Chronicles and Histories Syriac Texts Short Chronologies Theophilus of Edessa and the Syriac Common Source The Zuqnin Chronicler The Ehnesh Inscription Dionysius of Tellmahre The Chronicles of 819 and 846 Elias of Nisibis (d. 1049) Latin Texts The Byzantine-Arab Chronicle of 741 and the Hispanic Chronicle of Greek Texts Theophanes the Confessor (d. 818) Patriarch Nicephorus (d. 828) A Short Chronology ad annum 818 Armenian Texts Christian Arabic Texts Agapius, Bishop of Manbij (wr. 940s) Eutychius of Alexandria The Chronicle of Siirt The History of the Patriarchs Jewish Texts Samaritan Texts Derivative Accounts 11. Apologies and Disputations Syriac Texts Patriarch John I and an Arab Commander A Monk of Beth Hale and an Arab Notable Timothy I (780-823) Bahira Greek Texts John of Damascus (wr. 730s) The Correspondence of Leo III (717-41) and `Umar Christian Arabic Texts Fi tathlith Allah al-wahid Papyrus Schott Reinhard no. 438 Masa’il wa-ajwiba `aqliya wa-ilahiya Jewish Texts The Ten Wise Jews Targum Ps.-Jonathan Persian Texts Latin Texts Istoria de Mahomet Tultusceptru de libro domni Metobii Dubia John the Stylite Abjuration Ms. Mingana 184

PART III Writing the History of Early Islam 12. Non-Muslim Conceptions of Islam The Tool of God’s Wrath Deliverance from the Wicked Kingdom An Age of Adversity The Fourth Beast Abrahamic/Primitive Monotheism The New Jews A Worldly Religion 13. Using Non-Muslim Sources : an Empirical Approach Islam in the First Century AH Sacred Direction in Islam The Conquest of Egypt 14. Using Non-Muslim Sources : an Argumentative Approach What is the Source of the Observation ? What is the Character of the Observation ? What is the Subject of the Observation ? PART IV Excurses A. The Canons and Resolutions of Jacob of Edessa Questions of Addai Canons of Jacob Further Questions of Addai Questions of Thomas Questions of John Questions of Abraham B. The Byzantine-Arab Chronicle of 741 and Its Eastern Source C. An Outline of the Syriac Common Source D. The Passion of David of Dwin E. Georgian Historical Writing F. Dated Arabic Writings, AH 1-135/622-752 Dated Writings before AH 72/691 Religious Declarations by Caliphs in Dated Writings of AH 72-135/691-752 Maps Bibliography I : Primary Sources Bibliography II : Secondary Sources Index